abaxial
abaxial
1. Lamina(abaxial view);4.A narrowly lanceolate scale from stipe;
4.叶柄上的狭披针形鳞片;
2. 5.A subulate small scale from abaxial face of pinna;
5.羽片远轴面上的钻形小鳞片;
3. DH type abaxial compressor often could not work well because of the troubles such like losing balance,failure of gear joggle and bearing during working.
DH型离心压缩机在工作中较常出现不平衡、齿轮啮合故障和轴承故障等问题。
4. Calyx with abaxial 2 lobes triangular to ovate-rhombic, outside woolly, margin denticulate with small, deltoid teeth. Fl. Jul.
三角形到卵形菱形的花萼具背面2裂片，在具绵状毛，小的边缘具小齿具外边，齿。花期7月。
5. The mumber of stomata on the abaxial epidermis of compact-type is 17.0% higher than that of flat-type,and on the adaxial epidermis is 11.5% higher.
上表皮多17.0%，下表皮多11.5%。
6. Lower stems and abaxial leaf blade subglabrous; stem in upper part, petioles, and peduncles sparsely covered with multicellular hairs. Male panicles to 10 cm. Fl. Sep.
下部茎和背面叶片近无毛；茎在上半部分，叶柄和花序梗疏生为多细胞的毛所覆盖。雄性圆锥花序10厘米。花期。9月
7. Leaf blades filiform to setaceous, convolute, abaxial surface smooth or scabrid, adaxial surface prominently ribbed.
丝状的叶片兑一刚毛状，旋卷，背面平滑或，显著的正面用助材加固。
8. There was difference in cell type between abaxial and adaxial side of curvature part of style.
两种表型的花柱仅形态学上端（约占总花柱长度25%）有运动能力，其他部分不具有这种能力。
9. Leaf blade abaxial surface with scales only. Style base glabrous or pubescent.
仅背面的叶片具鳞片。花柱基部无毛或短柔毛。
10. However, for lemma, stomata appeared only on the adaxial (not on the abaxial )side under both two and four irrigation treatments, and only on the abaxial side under water stress(no irrigation).
从气孔大小看，穗各部分（护颖、外稃、内稃和芒）略小于其他器官。
11. But the structural feature and the arrangement of vascular bundles at the abaxial end of the mature leaf petiole of the same species are similar to those of the leaf blade base, which are relatively stable.
但在同一品种的成熟叶叶柄远轴端与叶片基部相接处的结构特征和维管束排列形状常相同,比较稳定。
12. Examples include certain species of Lycopodium and Selaginella, which have two rows of lateral leaves and one or two rows of smaller abaxial or adaxial leaves.
例如石松属和卷柏属，植物体上具有双行较大的侧生叶，还有1行或2行较小的生于近轴面或远轴面的叶。
13. Lateral sepals 2, ovate, 3-4 mm, abaxial midvein narrowly carinate.
侧生萼片2，卵形，3-4毫米，背面中脉狭龙骨状突起。
14. Lateral sepals 2, orbicular, 7-9 mm in diam., base inequilateral, apex obtuse, mucronulate, abaxial midvein thickened below middle.
侧生萼片2，圆形，毫米直径，基部不等侧，先端钝，具小短尖，背面的中脉的加厚的中间以下。
15. Lateral sepals 2, orbicular, ca. 8 mm in diam., apex mucronulate, abaxial midvein narrowly cristate.
侧生萼片2，圆形，直径约8毫米，先端具小短尖，背面狭。
16. Lateral sepals 2, broadly ovate-cordate, ca. 1 cm wide, membranous, apex acuminate, abaxial midvein cristate.
侧生萼片2，宽卵形心形，约1厘米宽，膜质，先端渐尖，背面中脉鸡冠状。
17. Lateral sepals 2, broadly ovate or suborbicular, ca. 1 cm, hyaline margined, margin entire, apex cuspidate, abaxial midvein slightly thickened, carinate.
侧生萼片2，宽卵形或近圆形，约1厘米，透明的边缘，边缘全缘，先端骤尖，背面的中脉的稍加厚，具龙骨状隆起。
18. Lateral sepals 2, broadly ovate-orbicular, margin coarsely dentate, rarely entire, apex acuminate, abaxial midvein narrowly carinate.
侧生萼片2，宽卵形的圆形，边缘粗牙齿，很少全缘，先端渐尖，背面的中脉的狭龙骨状突起。
19. Lateral sepals 2, broadly ovate, ca. 4 mm, 7-veined, base subequilateral, apex acuminate, abaxial midvein carinate.
侧生萼片2，宽卵形，约4毫米，7脉，近两侧对称的基部，先端渐尖，背面的中脉龙骨状突起。
20. Lateral sepals 2, obliquely ovate, 4-5 mm, apex ca. 2 mm, glandular-aristate or shortly acuminate, many veined, abaxial midvein not thickened.
侧生萼片2，斜卵形，4-5毫米，先端约2毫米，腺状芒或短渐尖，多脉，背面中脉不加厚。
21. Lateral sepals 2, obliquely ovate, ca. 4 mm, inequilateral, base subcordate, hyaline margined, apex stoutly mucronulate, abaxial midvein carinate or cristate.
侧生萼片2，斜卵形，长约4毫米，不等侧，基部近心形，边缘，略胖具小短尖的先端，背面中脉龙骨状突起或鸡冠状的。
22. Flowers yellow, ca. 1 cm wide.Lateral sepals 2, narrowly ovate or oblong, rarely subovate, 3-4 mm, inequilateral, apex slightly acute, abaxial midvein stout.
侧生萼片2，狭卵形或长圆形，很少近卵形，3-4毫米，不等侧，先端稍锐尖，背面中脉坚固。
23. Lateral sepals 2, subovate, ca. 7 mm, margin inconspicuously denticulate, apex acuminate, abaxial midvein thickened.
侧生萼片2，近卵形，约7毫米，边缘不明显具小齿，先端渐尖，背面中脉加厚。
24. Leaflets obovate, apex shallowly cordate or subtruncate; pedicel and abaxial surface of calyx with few bristles.
倒卵形的小叶，先端浅心形或近截形；花梗和背面花萼与一起少数硬毛。
25. Branchlets, petiole, leaf blade, and inflorescence sparsely or densely shortly stalked glandular. Petiole and abaxial leaf blade veins not tuberculate. Flowers dark purple. Calyx glabrous.
偷偷走近的稀少的小枝，叶柄，叶片和开花或者密被短的腺。叶柄和背面的叶片脉不具瘤。花深紫色。花萼无毛
26. Plants with dense, glandular hairs throughout; abaxial surface of leaflets sometimes deciduously tomentose.
全部的植株具紧密的，腺毛；小叶背面有时被绒毛的脱落的。
27. The transformation efficiency of leaf pieces which abaxial side contacted with medium during concultivation was higher than the efficiency of leaf pieces which adaxial side contacted with medium.
共培养时，叶片远轴面与培养基接触比近轴面与培养基接触的转化效率高。
28. Abaxial leaf surface densely glandular, with a thinner indumentum.
具腺的叶背面密被，具一瘦的毛被。
29. Figs. 20 - 31. LM micrographs of epidermal cells and stomatal apparatuses on abaxial epidermis in Vitaceae(surface view).20.
兼无规则型.图32-35扫描电镜下葡萄科植物的叶表皮特征.32.窄叶火筒树,下表皮具气孔.33.火筒树,上表
30. Figs. 20 - 31. LM micrographs of epidermal cells and stomatal apparatuses on abaxial epidermis in Vitaceae (surface view) . 20.
兼无规则型。图32-35扫描电镜下葡萄科植物的叶表皮特征。32.窄叶火筒树,下表皮具气孔。33.火筒树,上表
31. Corona fleshy, often deeply lobed; leaves concolorous, abaxial surface at most only slightly paler.
副花冠肉质，经常深裂；两面同色的叶，背面在浅的稍的只的最。(32
32. Lateral sepals 2, obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, margin denticulate, or entire, apex acuminate, abaxial midvein thickened, winged.
卵状长圆形的侧生萼片2，斜卵形或，边缘具小齿，全缘的或，先端渐尖，背面中脉加厚，具翅。
33. The type of trichome is peltate scale in abaxial.
叶上下表皮均有盾状鳞，上表皮仅有针状毛；
34. Flower-heads narrowly campanulate, 16-19 mm long, ca. 6 mm across, usually 2-4 in terminal clusters; peduncle 2-8 mm; involucral bracts ca. in 7 series, ribbed on abaxial surface, apex spiny.
叶互生，卵形，长3-5.5厘米，宽2-4厘米，先端短尖，基部近截形，边缘具疏齿，两面被长柔毛，具基出脉3条；叶柄长3-5毫米。
35. Flowerheads narrowly campanulate, 1619 mm long, ca. 6 mm across, usually 24 in terminal clusters; peduncle 28 mm; involucral bracts ca. in 7 series, ribbed on abaxial surface, apex spiny.
叶互生，卵形，长35.5厘米，宽24厘米，先端短尖，基部近截形，边缘具疏齿，两面被长柔毛，具基出脉3条；叶柄长35毫米。
36. Leaves 3-foliolate. Inflorescence rachis, pedicels, and abaxial surface of calyx without rust colored stalked glands.
叶具3小叶。花序轴，花梗，和背面锈色柄的花萼腺体。
37. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate. Branchlets, petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx with soft hairs, without glandular hairs. Calyx abaxially with sparse, needle-like prickles.
叶具3小叶，很少具5小叶。小枝，叶柄，花梗，和背面花萼与一起柔软头发，没有腺毛。花萼背面具稀，象针叶一样的皮刺。
38. Leaves semiterete or terete, fleshy; inflorescence not spicate; abaxial appendages of perianth segments subulate or triangular in fruit.
叶半圆柱形的或圆柱状，肉质；花序不穗状；在果期的花被片钻形或三角形的背面的附属物。(2
39. Leaves thickly leathery, broadly elliptic, 8-11 cm long, 4-6.5 cm wide, apex acute, base broadly cuneate, entire, with reddish brown glandular dots on abaxial surface; petiole broad and flat, 1.5-2 cm long.
叶厚革质，阔椭圆形，长8-11厘米，宽4-6.5厘米，先端急尖，基部阔楔形，全缘，背面被红褐色腺点；叶柄宽扁，长1.5-2厘米。
40. Leaf base rounded; blade densely hairy adaxially, especially more densely so along veins. Inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx densely hairy.
叶基部圆形；正面的叶片有密毛，更特别更浓密因此沿脉。花序和背面花萼有密毛。
41. Leaf base rounded; blade hairy only along veins adaxially, glabrate in age. Inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx densely hairy.
叶基部圆形；正面的叶片有毛的只沿脉，年龄脱毛。花序和背面花萼有密毛。
42. Leaf base shallowly cordate. Inflorescences and abaxial surface of calyx subglabrous or sparsely hairy.
叶基部浅心形。花序和背面花萼近无毛或疏生毛。
43. Leaves densely hirsute especially on veins of abaxial surface. Flowers opposite. Corolla tube conspicuously puberulent annulate inside.
叶密被长硬毛背面的特别是在脉上。花对生。显著被微柔毛有环的花冠筒在里面。
44. Petiole densely pubescent; leaf blade abaxial surface densely pubescent on veins, margin crenate-serrate.
叶柄密被短柔毛；叶片背面的密被短柔毛的在脉上，边缘具圆齿有锯齿。
45. Petiole sparsely puberulent; leaf blade abaxial surface sparsely puberulent on veins, margin serrulate or inconspicuously undulate.
叶柄疏生微柔毛；背面的叶片疏生微柔毛的在脉上，边缘有细锯齿或不明显波状。
46. Petioles, pedicel, and abaxial surface of calyx densely pubescent, without stalked glands.
叶柄，花梗，和背面密被短柔毛的花萼，没有偷偷走近腺体。
47. The salt glands occur on the both of the adaxial side and the abaxial side of the leaf in Spartina anglica.
叶片上下表皮都具有盐腺。
48. Leaf blades with 5 vascular bundles, abaxial surface somewhat scabrid.
叶片具5维管束，背面有点粗糙。
49. Leaf blade with abaxial surface scales stalked, lacerate, with or without a domed center, usually arranged in several tiers due to different lengths of stalk.
叶片具背面鳞片柄，撕裂状，有或没有一个圆的中心，通常由于柄长度的不同而排列为数个排。
50. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic, margin sparsely serrulate; young branches, petioles, and veins on abaxial leaf surface densely yellow-brown pubescent.
叶片卵形椭圆形，边缘疏生有细锯齿；在叶背面密被黄褐色短柔毛上的幼枝，叶柄和脉。
51. Leaf blade orbicular to oblong-elliptic, both surfaces glabrous at maturity, sometimes with scattered fasciculate hairs on abaxial surface that are restricted to the lateral veins.
叶片圆形到长圆形椭圆形，成熟时两面无毛，有时具星散束状毛在背面，但仅分布于侧脉。
52. Leaf blade base cuneate or rounded, abaxial indumentum yellowish brown or brownish; corolla white to pinkish, with deep red lines.
叶片基部楔形或圆形，背面黄棕色或带褐色的；花冠白色到带粉红色，具深红色线。
53. Leaf blade wider; abaxial surface with scales dimorphic, some dark, the rest golden. Calyx ca. 2 mm; style glabrous. Fl. Jun.
叶片宽；背面具二形鳞片，一些深色的，其余的金色。花萼约2毫米；花柱无毛花期6月
54. Blade of leaflets and abaxial surface of calyx soft hairy. Flowering branchlets and pedicels with soft hairs, without glandular hairs.
叶片小叶和背面花萼柔软有毛。花小枝和花梗具柔软的毛，没有腺毛。
55. Blade of leaflets and abaxial surface of calyx soft hairy. Flowering branchlets, pedicels, or base of calyx with soft hairs and glandular hairs.
叶片小叶和背面花萼柔软有毛。花小枝，花梗，花萼具的或基部柔软的毛和腺毛。
56. Leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate; abaxial surface indumentum cinnamon.
叶片椭圆形到披针形；背面毛肉桂色。
57. Leaf blade elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, apex acuminate and mucronate; abaxial surface coarsely brown-strigose along midrib, otherwise glabrous; adaxial surface glabrous.
叶片椭圆形到椭圆形披针形，先端渐尖和短尖；棕色糙伏毛沿中脉，或无毛的背面粗；正面无毛
58. Leaf blade adaxially dark green, without blotches, abaxial surface greenish. Anther connectives obtuse.
叶片正面深绿色，没有大块斑点，背面带绿色。花药药隔钝。
59. Leaf blade adaxially sparsely to densely puberulent and sometimes pilose, abaxially sparsely to densely puberulent and sometimes pilose, pubescent, or velutinous; abaxial corolla lip 0.6-1.5 cm.
叶片正面疏生对密被微柔毛和有时具柔毛，背面稀疏到密被微柔毛和有时，短柔毛，或茸毛；背面的花冠唇0.6-1.5厘米(118
60. The abaxial stomatal resistance was smaller than the adaxial.
叶片正面的气孔阻力小于叶片反面对应部位的气孔阻力。
61. 6(5) Scales on abaxial leaf surface not opaque, fulvous or amber.
叶片狭长圆形，很少披针形或椭圆形，背面具带白色。
62. Leaf blade narrowly oblong, rarely lanceolate or elliptic; abaxial surface indumentum whitish.
叶片狭长圆形，很少披针形的或椭圆形；背面毛带白色。
63. Leaf blade abaxial surface sparsely short-setose. Pedicel sparsely setose or glabrous; ovary with upper part coarsely appressed-puberulent.
叶片背面疏生短刚毛。花梗稀疏刚毛或无毛；子房具上半部分粗的贴伏被微柔毛。
64. Leaf blade oblong; base cordate; abaxial surface puberulent. Corolla lobes 6; stamens 11.
叶片长圆形；基部心形背面被微柔毛。花冠裂片6；雄蕊11。
65. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, abaxial surface with vesicular hairs on the veins.
叶片长圆状披针形的到倒披针形，背面在脉上的具囊状的毛。
66. Abaxial midvein of leaf pubescent with brown appressed trichomes. Flower buds nearly rounded at maturity. Filaments ca. as long as or longer than petals. Ovary pubescent with appressed trichomes.
叶背面中脉短柔毛具棕色贴伏毛状体。成熟时的花芽近圆形。花丝约等长或长于花瓣。子房短柔毛具贴伏毛。
67. Abaxial midvein of leaf pubescent with yellowish or yellow crisped trichomes. Flower buds conical at maturity. Filaments shorter than petals. Ovary pubescent with spreading trichomes.
叶背面中脉短柔毛具淡黄或黄色皱波状的毛状体。圆锥状的花芽成熟时。花丝短于花瓣。子房短柔毛具平展的毛状体。
68. Abaxial leaf surface with a patchy discontinuous indumentum.
叶背面具一不规则的不连续的毛被。
69. Abaxial leaf surface with a few darker scales intermixed with fawn scales.
叶背面具一些深色的鳞片混合具淡黄褐色鳞片。
70. Abaxial leaf surface with indumentum continuous, not agglutinated.
叶背面具毛被连续，不粘结。
71. Abaxial leaf surface glandular-strigose along midrib, otherwise glabrous.
叶背面具腺具糙伏毛的沿中脉，或无毛。
72. Abaxial leaf surface with thin agglutinated indumentum.
叶背面具薄的粘结毛被。
73. Abaxial leaf surface with thin silver-gray or brownish indumentum; corolla pink or rose-purple.
叶背面具薄的银灰色的或带褐色的毛被；花冠粉红色或枚瑰色紫色。
74. Abaxial surface of leaves and inflorescence with dense curly trichomes.
叶背面和花序具紧密的卷曲的毛状体。
75. Abaxial leaf surface indumentum patchy, discontinuous. Pedicel glandular-hairy.
叶背面毛被不规则，不连续。花梗腺毛。
76. Abaxial leaf surface pubescent, at least along midrib; style glabrous.
叶背面短柔毛，至少沿中脉；花柱无毛。
77. Abaxial veins of leaves with dense white tomentum.
叶背面脉具紧密的白色的绒毛层。
78. Abaxial leaf surface usually with fawn indumentum; corolla pink to red or white.
叶背面通常具淡黄褐色毛被；花冠粉红色到红色的或白色。
79. Abaxial leaf surface yellow glandular or eglandular; petiole 0.1-3.5(-4.7) cm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly ovate or obovate, rarely triangular, oblong, or rhombic; pedicel usually over 2 mm.
叶背面黄的具腺的或无腺体；叶柄0.1-3.5(-4.7)厘米；叶片椭圆形到宽卵形或倒卵形，很少三角形，长圆形，或菱形；超过2毫米的花梗通常(27
80. Leaf bud scales deciduous; ovary, calyx, corolla tube, capsule, and midrib on abaxial leaf surface not setose.
叶芽鳞落叶；在不具刚毛叶背面上的子房，花萼，花冠筒，蒴果和中脉。(4
