graft

graft1
noun
  1. (Horticulture)a shoot or scion inserted into a slit of stock, from which it receives sap
    (园艺)嫁接的嫩枝（或幼芽）
    ■an instance of inserting a shoot or scion in this way
    嫁接
  2. (Medicine)a piece of living tissue that is transplanted surgically
    (医)（通过手术）移植的活组织
    ■a surgical operation in which tissue is transplanted
    移植手术
verb
[with obj. and adverbial]
  1. (Horticulture)insert (a scion) as a graft
    (园艺)嫁接（幼芽）
    it was common to graft different varieties on to a single tree trunk.
    将不同品种嫁接到同一树干上是常见的做法。
    ■insert a graft on (a stock)
    将嫁接的嫩枝插入（树干）
  2. (Medicine)transplant (living tissue) as a graft
    (医)移植（活组织）
    they can graft a new hand on to the nerve ends.
    他们可以将一只新手移植到神经末梢上。
    ■(figurative)insert or fix (something) permanently to something else, typically in a way considered inappropriate
    (喻)（尤指不恰当地）将（某物）永久地插入（或装入）别的物体
    western-style government could not easily be grafted on to a profoundly different country.
    西方风格的政府是不可能轻易被移植到一个完全不同的国家里。
语源
  1. late Middle English graff, from Old French grafe, via Latin from Greek graphion 'stylus, writing implement' (with reference to the tapered tip of the scion), from graphein 'write'. The final -t is typical of phonetic confusion between -f and -ft at the end of words; compare with tuft
graft2
(Brit. informal)(英，非正式)
noun
  1. [mass noun]hard work
    辛苦的工作
    turning those dreams into reality was sheer hard graft.
    要将这些梦想变成现实只有靠艰苦的工作。
verb
  1. [no obj.]work hard
    辛苦地工作
    I need people prepared to go out and graft.
    我需要那些时刻准备出去艰苦工作的人。
派生
grafter
noun
语源
  1. mid 19th cent.: perhaps related to the phrase spade's graft 'the amount of earth that one stroke of a spade will move', based on Old Norse grǫftr 'digging'
graft3
noun
  1. [mass noun]practices, especially bribery, used to secure illicit gains in politics or business; corruption
    维护政治（或生意上）非法利益的行为（尤指行贿）;贪污
    sweeping measures to curb official graft.
    大规模制止官方腐败的行为。
    ■such gains
    非法所得；贪污腐败所得
    government officials grow fat off bribes and graft.
    政府官员靠受贿和贪污中饱私囊。
verb
  1. [no obj.]make money by shady or dishonest means
    通过见不得人（或不诚实）的手段发财
派生
grafter
noun
语源
  1. mid 19th cent.: of unknown origin
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