hard

hard
adjective
  1. solid, firm, and rigid; not easily broken, bent, or pierced
    坚实的；牢固的；坚硬的
    a hard mattress.
    硬垫子。
    rub the varnish down when it's hard.
    等清漆硬了以后把它磨平。
    ■(of a person) not showing any signs of weakness; tough
    （人）坚强的；能力强的；能应付困境的
    only a handful are hard enough to join the SAS.
    只有屈指可数的几个够坚强的人可以加入英国特种航空队。
    ■(of information) reliable, especially because based on something true or substantiated
    （信息，资料）可靠的；确凿无疑的；真实的
    hard facts about the underclass are maddeningly elusive.
    有关下层阶级的真实情况令人恼火地难以捉摸。
    ■(of a subject of study) dealing with precise and verifiable facts
    （学科）实证的，硬的
    efforts to turn psychology into hard science.
    把心理学变成硬科学的努力。
    ■(of a consonant) pronounced as a velar plosive (as c in cat, g in go)
    （辅音）软腭爆破音（如cat中的c, go中的g）
    ■(of prices of shares, commodities, etc.) high and stable; firm
    （股票价格，商品价格）稳健的
    ■(of science fiction) scientifically accurate rather than purely fantastic or whimsical
    （科幻小说）具有科学准确性（而非纯粹幻想或离奇古怪）的，硬（科幻）的
    a hard SF novel.
    硬科幻小说。
  2. requiring a great deal of endurance or physical or mental effort
    艰苦的，艰难的
    airship-flying was pretty hard work.
    飞船航行是很艰苦的工作。
    [with infinitive]she found it hard to believe that he could be involved.
    她很难相信他竟会卷入其中。
    ■putting a lot of energy into an activity
    努力的
    he'd been a hard worker all his life.
    他一辈子努力工作。
    everyone has been hard at work.
    所有的人都努力工作。
    ■difficult to bear; causing suffering
    难以承受的；艰苦的
    times were hard at the end of the war.
    战争结束后生活十分艰苦。
    he'd had a hard life.
    他一生艰辛。
    ■not showing sympathy or affection; strict
    冷酷无情的；严格的
    he can be such a hard taskmaster.
    他就会是这么一个冷酷的工头。
    ■denoting an extreme or dogmatic faction within a political party
    （政党内部派别）极端的；固执己见的
    the hard left.
    极左派。
    ■(of a season or the weather) severe
    （季节，天气）严酷的；凛冽的
    it's been a long, hard winter.
    漫长而严酷的冬天。
    ■harsh or unpleasant to the senses
    （感觉上）难受的；刺目的；刺耳的；令人不快的
    the hard light of morning.
    上午刺目的强光。
    ■(of wine) harsh or sharp to the taste, especially because of tannin
    （尤指葡萄酒因含有单宁酸而）苦涩的；烈的
  3. done with a great deal of force or strength
    猛烈的，沉重的
    a hard whack.
    重击。
  4. very potent, powerful, or intense, in particular
    有力的，强烈的，尤指
    ■(of liquor) strongly alcoholic; spirit rather than beer or wine
    （烈性酒）烈性强的，度数高的（指烈酒而非啤酒或葡萄酒）
    ■(of a drug) potent and addictive
    （毒品）毒性强的；易上瘾的
    ■(of water) containing mineral salts that make lathering difficult
    （水）含无机盐的
    ■(of radiation) highly penetrating
    （辐射）穿透力强的
    ■(of pornography) highly obscene and explicit
    （色情作品）淫秽的；极黄色的
adverb
  1. with a great deal of effort
    努力地
    they work hard at school.
    他们在学校努力学习。
    ■with a great deal of force; violently
    猛烈地
    it was raining hard.
    雨下得很大。
  2. so as to be solid or firm
    变坚硬地
    the mortar has set hard.
    灰泥已经变干硬了。
  3. to the fullest extent possible
    在最大程度上；满满地；完全的
    put the wheel hard over to starboard.
    右满舵。
noun
  1. (Brit.)a road leading down across a foreshore
    (英)海滩路
常用词组
be hard on
  1. treat or criticize (someone) severely
    严厉对待；苛待；苛责
    you're being too hard on her.
    你对她太严厉了。
  2. be difficult for or unfair to
    使受苦；对…不公平
    I think the war must have been hard on her.
    我想战争一定使她吃了不少苦。
  3. be likely to hurt or damage
    对…有害
    the monitor flickers, which is hard on the eyes.
    显示器闪烁不定，这对眼睛有害。
be hard put (to it)
  1. [usu. with infinitive]find it very difficult
    觉得…很难；很难做到
    you'll be hard put to find a better compromise.
    你很难找到比这更好的折衷办法。
give someone a hard time
  1. (informal)deliberately make a situation difficult for someone
    (非正式)有意为难某人
go hard with
  1. (dated)turn out to (someone's) disadvantage
    (旧)对…不利
    it would go hard with the poor.
    这会对穷人不利。
hard and fast
  1. [usu. with negative](of a rule or a distinction made) fixed and definitive
    （规则，差别）不可更动的；无法改变的
hard as nails
  1. 见 nail
hard at it
  1. (informal)busily working or occupied
    (非正式)忙得不可开交
    they were hard at it with brooms and mops.
    他们忙着用扫帚和拖把打扫卫生。
hard by
  1. close to
    靠近
    he lived hard by the cathedral.
    他住得离大教堂很近。
hard done by
  1. (Brit.)harshly or unfairly treated
    (英)被虐待；受到不公平对待
    she would be justified in feeling hard done by.
    要是她觉得受到了虐待，这完全有道理。
hard feelings
  1. [usu. with negative]feelings of resentment
    怨恨
    there are no hard feelings and we wish him well.
    我们一点不怨恨，我们希望他好。
hard going
  1. difficult to understand or enjoy
    难理解的，难懂的；缺少乐趣的
    the studying is at times hard going.
    研究有时是很困难的。
hard hit
  1. badly affected
    受到严重影响，受到严重打击
    Trinidad had been hard hit by falling oil prices.
    特立尼达受到石油价格下跌的严重打击。
hard luck (或 lines)
  1. (Brit. informal)used to express sympathy or commiserations
    (英，非正式)[用于表示同情、怜悯、遗憾、可惜]真可惜；真遗憾
    if you don't like it then hard luck.
    如果你不喜欢它，那真是可惜。
a hard nut to crack
  1. (informal)a person or thing that is difficult to understand or influence
    (非正式)棘手之人（或事）
hard of hearing
  1. not able to hear well
    听不清楚
hard on ( 或 upon)
  1. close to; following soon after
    紧跟着
    hard on the heels of Wimbledon comes the Henley Regatta.
    温布尔登网球赛之后紧跟着就是亨里赛舟会。
hard up
  1. (informal)short of money
    (非正式)没钱，手头紧
    I'm too hard up to buy fancy clothes.
    我手头太紧，买不起漂亮的衣服。
the hard way
  1. through suffering or learning from the unpleasant consequences of mistakes
    来之不易
    his reputation was earned the hard way.
    他的盛名来之不易。
play hard to get
  1. (informal)deliberately adopt an aloof or uninterested attitude, typically in order to make oneself more attractive or interesting
    (非正式)（为吸引对方而）故作冷漠；故作不感兴趣
put the hard word on
  1. (Austral./NZ informal)ask a favour of (someone), especially a sexual or financial one
    (澳/新，非正式)（尤指在性或金钱上）提出要求
    ■put pressure on (someone)
    向…施压
派生
hardish
adjective
hardness
noun
语源
  1. Old English hard, heard, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch hard and German hart
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