sanction

sanction
noun
  1. a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
    处罚，制裁
    a range of sanctions aimed at deterring insider abuse.
    旨在防止内部人员舞弊的一系列惩处。
    ■(sanctions)measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or official sporting participation
    （国家之间实施的）制裁
    ■(Ethics)a consideration operating to enforce obedience to any rule of conduct
    (伦理学)约束力
  2. [mass noun]official permission or approval for an action
    （官方对某一行为的）认可，准许；批准
    he appealed to the bishop for his sanction.
    他请求主教批准。
    ■official confirmation or ratification of a law
    （对法律的）正式认可；批准
    ■[count noun](Law, historical)a law or decree, especially an ecclesiastical decree
    (律 史)（尤指基督教会的）法令，法律
verb
[with obj.]
  1. (常作 be sanctioned)give official permission or approval for (an action)
    认可（某一行动）；批准；赞成
    the council will consider whether to sanction the operation.
    委员会将考虑是否批准这项行动。
  2. impose a sanction or penalty on
    对…实施制裁；对…处以 惩罚
派生
sanctionable
adjective
语源
  1. late Middle English (as a noun denoting an ecclesiastical decree): from French, from Latin sanctio(n-), from sancire 'ratify'. The verb dates from the late 18th cent
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